May 2008: "King, Kaiser, Tsar" by Catrine Clay

[attaininggrace]

Originally Posted by LadyCat

Finally I get to talk about the war! I have been biting my tongue (fingers) for weeks about the lead up to WWI.

If Austria hadn't needed backup, and Germany hadn't been so quick to offer it, there would have been no war. .. That Willy was so quick to declare war on Russia did come as a surprise though. I can understand him wanting to grab more of France but Russia?


Cat

Hello LadyCat,

I agree with you to some extent although the author states elsewhere that Willy really didn't want war at all and got himself into an impossible situation because he was so tied up with the military. They seemed to be much more warlike than him.

It was very strange the way that he told everyone that he wanted peace but his actions implied the opposite. I think that he probably was rather unstable by this time and unsure what he was doing.

Regards,
Attaining Grace
bookaddiction

[attaininggrace]

I am still a bit behind in my reading so I haven't reached the part where George doesn't save the Imperial Russian family. There are many conflicting opinions about this so it will be interesting to see what Clay thinks.

I am also interested in reading 'Victoria's Daughters'.

Regards,
Attaining Grace (I almost wrote Imperial Grace!)

[Elspeth]

I enjoyed "Victoria's Daughters" and I really must read that biography of Vicky, which I've got sitting on my "to read" pile. I hadn't realised quite what a hard life she had after she married and how many of her problems were really her own fault.

[LadyCat]

Originally Posted by attaininggrace

Hello LadyCat,

I agree with you to some extent although the author states elsewhere that Willy really didn't want war at all and got himself into an impossible situation because he was so tied up with the military. They seemed to be much more warlike than him.

It was very strange the way that he told everyone that he wanted peace but his actions implied the opposite. I think that he probably was rather unstable by this time and unsure what he was doing.

Regards,
Attaining Grace
bookaddiction

Willy definitely wanted a navy to rival the British Royal Navy and he was most passionate about seeing it come to fruition given the ever expanding budget he gave the navy. The only reason to have a large navy would be if you planned to use it. I think Clay was mistaken that Willy didn't want a war, however, I don't think he bargained for the war he got. It was a case of "You and me against the world" for Germany and Austria, not a good place to be, especially once the US got involved toward the end when Willy unleashed his subs.

Cat

[fearghas]

I began reading this book, got half way throughbut never finished it. The ending of this particular saga depresses me. I would be interested to know if the author has any comments about the repercussions of WWI on what happened later re WWII. I

[Avicenna]

Originally Posted by fearghas

I began reading this book, got half way throughbut never finished it. The ending of this particular saga depresses me. I would be interested to know if the author has any comments about the repercussions of WWI on what happened later re WWII. I

Fearghas, I wouldn't give much to the autor's comments concerning political developments. Clay is clearly biased plus she hasn't made her homework.

Examples: German-Danish war and the "iron" chancellor Bismarck.

Let's get started with Bismarck. Clay uses the term "iron" all so often to describe his politics - I'd even say she is obsessed with it. Early on Clay assumes that the speach, in which it was used, was "almost designed to offend Vicky" (P.12). Come on! The term was mentioned in his very first speach as Ministerpräsident. Somehow everyone only recalls this term "iron and blood". What is overseen is that within the very same speach he made an offer of peace towards the liberals. Back then there was a liberal-national movement in Prussia aiming at a German national state. In an interview held in 1890 Bismarck said: "The stateman is like a wanderer in the forest, who knows the direction of his walk, but not the point where he will leave the forest ... I would have preferred any solution with pleasure, which would have lead to an enlargement of Prussia without war towards the unity of Germany. Many roads let to my goal. I had to try one after the other , the most dangerous last, uniformity was not my affair."

Yes, there were the three wars of 1864, 1866 and 1870. Let's look closer at them. 1864: only seldom Clay notes that it was in fact a jointly managed war by Prussia and Austria. Generally she always notes that it was a German-Danish war. Now Germany and Prussia are not the same at this time! The origin of this war was an improvisation, it was hardly to be foreseen. When Friedrich VII of Denmark died November 15, 1863 he had no male heirs. Thus Christian of Glücksburg (maternal line) took over. Early in the fifties it was said in international treaties that the next denish king Christian should take the crown under the same postulations as his predecessor (1850 + 1852 London Protocols). However, the denish national movement demanded that Denmark adamently defends his claim to Schleswig-Holstein when in 1863 Prince Friedrich of Augustenburg claimed it for himself/his family. Thus leading to a breach of the London Protocol by Christian IX when he intended to annex Schleswig-Holstein by signing the November-constitution ... a clear provocation towards German nationalist! All in all it was an unfortunate event , a war of succession like the war of spanish succession, caused by an clearly inexperienced king of Denmark.

Those interested in the 1864 war should look in Christopher Clarks book on Prussian history. Very detailed analyses. Unfortunatly it was published only recently, Clay seems to have missed it.

Back to Bismarck: Clay reduces him always to his "iron" side whereas he was far more complex. His politics can be summarised by 5 points:
1. Renouncement of any territorial enlargement in Europe
2. Suppressing of expansionist movement, in particular all great-German attempts
3. Permanent disillusionment of "unsaved" Germans which were not included in the 1870-German Reich, in particular austrian and baltic Germans
4. Strict Renouncement of participation in the hunt for colonies
5. If necessary, active participation to avoid further wars in Europe

(Please review the Bismarck's Bad Kissinger Diktat of 1877 for further information)

Of all these points the first 3 were stubbornly kept by Bismarck throughout his Chancellorship. 4 he abandoned in the years 1884/1885 - an episode meant to challenge the German-English relationship. Obviously Bismarck felt the need to strengthen his position when the then-Crown-Prince with his English wife would take over. As soon as it was clear that Wilhelm I was living longer than expected he abanded the hunt for colonies. Bismarcks most famous words in 1888 show this change: his map of Africa was within Europe. "Here is Russia and hier is France, and we are in the middle. This is my map of Africa".

And the active participation to avoid further war let to the Berlin Kongress of 1878. Nowhere Clay writes about Bismarck's Peace efforts though! Also nowhere she writes about his social reforms, e.g. the implementation of social security for all classes. No, Clay is determined that poor Vicky was living in a hostile environment. Poor Vicky!! The lady certainly got the wrong preparation for her life in Prussia. Frankly I have troubles reading this book, if only for the wrong picture Clay presents of life in Prussia and of Bismarck. I keep wondering where else she is trying to deceive.

[HRH Kerry]

Now that we're at the end...what two men do you know privately celebrate the anniversary of their first meeting? Maybe it was never proven that Willy was homosexual but was it really ever investigated? The writing was on the wall!

[Avicenna]

Originally Posted by HRH Kerry

Now that we're at the end...what two men do you know privately celebrate the anniversary of their first meeting? Maybe it was never proven that Willy was homosexual but was it really ever investigated? The writing was on the wall!

Kerry, if you are interested in this topic you might like to read “Kaiser Wilhelm II and the ‘Liebenberg Circle’ ” by Isabel Hull or some of the books on Wilhelm by John C. G. Röhl, in particular "Kaiser Wilhelm II. New Interpretations. The Corfu Papers" Amazon.de: Kaiser Wilhelm II: New Interpretations: The Corfu Papers: J. Rohl: English Books
... though these books deal with the topic in the larger context only.

However, I believe it is a shame that Clay does not stick to facts but implies a lover's affair between Eulenburg and Wilhelm. After all she is not writing fiction, but a factual report which should include no innuendo.

Considering the fact that she namens above mentioned Röhl in her Acknowledgement might explain this lapse. This English Historican was first known in his contribution to the firt German historian's dispute in the 60ies.

Back then the work of the historian Fritz Fischer about the German politics before and during WW1 was discussed, in particular concerning their share in the beginning of the conflict and the military objectives of the empire. Röhl's contribution attacked mainly the group around Wilhelm II. It is through today doubtful, if his thesis that this cirlce of men decided the war 1 1/2 years prior the beginning of war in 1912 is right. The main adversaries of Röhl being members of the national conservative German historians.

Due to this opposition Röhl realigned his focus on the position and influence of Philipp Eulenburg leading to new insight concerning the informal kind of leadership Wilhelm practiced as well as his potential homosexuality and other peculiarities. All in all Röhls work was certainly important and lead to a new perception. Still, Clay should have broadened her horizon by using other sources, too.