DNA and the law

[Elspeth]

Yes, but you're talking about matches and I'm talking about mismatches. If DNA samples from two people don't match, they don't match. Statistics are irrelevant.

You have two issues going on with mtDNA tests. Because mtDNA isn't a unique fingerprint, you can't make a definite identification of a person from his or her mtDNA. You can compare an mtDNA sample from an unknown person with mtDNA from a known person; if the two samples have differences in the sequence, you can say with great confidence that the two individuals aren't related through the maternal line.

Again, I'm not an expert so I hope I'm not misunderstanding things, but the "with great confidence" statement is based on the fact that mtDNA has a slow rate of mutation, so it's usually passed from mother to offspring unchanged. When the two people whose mtDNA you're comparing are from similar generations to each other, and when the common ancestress was only a couple of generations earlier, which is the case here (Prince Philip's great-grandmother was Anastasia's grandmother), you'd expect an exact mtDNA match. Instead of which, there are something like five or six mismatches. That simply doesn't happen with mtDNA in two or three generations. You might be able to explain away one mismatch on the basis of an unexpected mutation, but not five or six.

Now, if the two mtDNA sequences (the one from the unknown person and the one from the known person) do match, this is where you get into the realms of statistics. We have two cases where there are matches.

1. The Ekaterinburg remains (at least some of the skeletons) and Prince Philip.

2. Anna Anderson and Carl Maucher.

In the first case, according to the King and Wilson book, there's a 1 in 6000 chance of European Caucasians having the same mtDNA pattern as Prince Philip, and they say it's a rare profile. Their basis for the 1 in 6000 number is the Sykes book, "TheSeven Daughters of Eve," which I don't have [*scurries over to Amazon*] so I can't tell you where it originates. However, taking their word for it that it's a rare profile, this suggests that the match indicates relatedness rather than coincidence.

In the second case, according to the Gill paper, they checked the Maucher profile against 300 profiles in various databases and didn't find a match, so they concluded that this was also a rare profile. Again, the match indicates relatedness rather than coincidence.

In both cases, coincidence is still quite possible. You have to take into account other factors, such as the possibility that a group of nine skeletons of which four had the same mtDNA profile as Prince Philip could belong to a family group other than the Romanovs, or whether another group of people with the same individuals as this one (mother and three daughters, father, and some unrelated individuals) had also gone missing at around that time. For the Anderson-Maucher case, this is where things like the bunions and the ears and the language skills come into play. If Franziska Schankowska as an adult didn't have bunions but Anna Anderson did, then they aren't the same person. If one of them had blue eyes and one had hazel eyes, they aren't the same person. The mtDNA match with Carl Maucher isn't definitive.

But unless you can come up with some evidence that the DNA sample from Anna Anderson wasn't really from her, the mismatch with Prince Philip means she isn't Anastasia. Even if they both had bunions. Even if they both had blue eyes. Even if they had very similar shaped ears. Statistics are irrelevant in the face of a mismatch.

[ChatNoir]

Originally Posted by BorisRom

Elspeth, you wrote:
«If it's true that Anna Anderson had severe hallux valgus and Franziska Schankowska, as an adult, didn't have it at all, that would be a pretty strong indication that they weren't the same person. However, I've seen the statement that Franziska Schankowska had no hallux valgus disputed. And I don't know (and I suspect you don't know either) how relevant it is that Franziska didn't have bunions as a child (assuming that's true). We don't know the probability of severe hallux valgus in women born in the 19th century, as far as I'm aware (feel free to point to a source if you know of one).»
1. As AGRBear wrote earlier (#69): «Felix (Shanzkovsky) signed a sworn statement [this means it is not heresay but a legal document] that Franziska S. did not have such a deformity.» You can read more details about it in Peter Kurth's book (sorry, I don't remember the page right now)
2. As to «the probability of severe hallux valgus in women born in the 19th century» - I remember that ChatNoir wrote (much earlier, at King&WilsonForum) about the article in an medical journal of 1919 year and he postedthe referenceto internet-adress. This article was about a congenital HV and author wrote thatC-HV was very-very rare for Europeans (one or two case on all France! - if I remember correctly)/
Hey, dear ChatNoir! Would you post it here?

Here is the link:

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/art...?artid=1398603

[ChatNoir]

The statement about the hallux valgus comes from a TB doctor, for heavens' sake.

Actually, Professor Rudnev was a surgeon. In Bella Cohen's article from the New York Times, she claims that he was called in to look at Anastasia's severe "protruding bone" on her foot in Russia, but advised against an operation.

[BorisRom]

Originally Posted by ChatNoir

Here is the link:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/art...?artid=1398603

Dear ChatNoir,
thank you very much!
Boris

[BorisRom]

Elspeth,
Well. Let me to approach to problem AA-ANR from statistical (likelihood) estimations once again.
We have at least three comparisons AA and ANR with known likelihood estimations:
1. Medical statistics of HV - for heavy HV = 6500:1 (and in view of accent on the right foot) = 13000:1
(I don't speak here about medical statistics of C-HV \18 million:1 \ as it is a question at issue from your point of view)
2. Reliability of comparison of an auricle (ear) = not less than 10 000:1
3. Reliability of a graphological analysis = not less 7:1 (on the known published sources).

Thus, probability of that Anna Anderson was Anastasia Romanova = (13000x10000x7) =910 million:1 (!!!)
It is without taking into account all other certificates in favour of Anna Anderson (those other certificates which cannot be in likelihood estimations).
910 million - it is in some times more, than all population of the Europe (including Russia) and the USA.
Under pressure of this likelihood estimation I categorically reject tests of DNA.
Conclusions: or the samples of AA were inappropriate, or the Ekaterinburg remains are not Romanov's remains, or Prince Philip has not clear origin. Or all this together.

[BorisRom]

Elspeth,
I'm very grateful to you for useful discussion.
It was useful and pleasant for me. I hope for the further conversation.
Boris Romanov

[Anna was Franziska]

Originally Posted by BorisRom

It is without taking into account all other certificates in favour of Anna Anderson (those other certificates which cannot be in likelihood estimations).

Like what? This person said this and that? Those estimations = 0.

910 million - it is in some times more, than all population of the Europe (including Russia) and the USA.

That means she's reeeeaaallly not AN and then some!

Under pressure of this likelihood estimation I categorically reject tests of DNA.

Conclusions: or the samples of AA were inappropriate,

Do you mean switched, tampered with, etc.? If so please give us proof. I'd say the chances all of them (intestine, hair, bones) were ALL tampered with are, oh, about 910 million to none.

or the Ekaterinburg remains are not Romanov's remains,

Who are they?

or Prince Philip has not clear origin.

Are you questioning his paretage? Remember, even IF his mother had an affair, it would make NO difference in his mtDNA since that comes from the mother's line only, and we know she gave birth to him.

I don't mean to sound unkind but you are really getting extreme here. Why won't you just accept the DNA? Why do you feel it's so important to keep coming up with outrageous theories to make it go away?

[Anna was Franziska]

Now that numbers and odds are the issue, it's time to drag out Davek's estimations based on all those of European origins and see just how likely it is AA was FS.

What are the chances that Anna Anderson was Franziska Schanskowksa based on DNA?

By DaveK

Some AA proponents assert that AA’s specific mtDNA type is very common type, therefore a match between AA and FS is just by accident. However, this argument is fundamentally flawed. If so, why don’t they just show the data of someone who has same mtDNA? There are more than dozens populaiton genetics papers that you can check very easily. They can’t, because their claim is not true.

Before showing the evidence, I have to point out that the probability 1/300 reported in Peter Gill’s study in 1995 was outdated. Gill “guessed” the number from statistical average because he didn’t find AA’s mtDNA type in database available in 1995. Therefore, any unknown mtDNA in 1995 was estimated as “1/300” temporally, even if its actual probability is 1/5000 or 1/100,000 (!).

To get more accurate estimate, I checked all mtDNA (HVI) database available to me that contained 8,902 sequences of European Caucasian including US Caucasian, British, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Russian, Hungarian, Austrian, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Ashkenazic Jewish, Belgian, Icelandic, Austrian, Bulgarian, Portuguese and so on. I also checked African and Asian population just in case. Most convenient sources are major human genetics journals such as Annals of Human Genetics and American Journal of Human Genetics (especially Annals of Human Genetics vol 67 (2003), p281 was helpful). Also computerized database were used, such as NCBI GenBank, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), and US Department of Justice FBI CODIS database.

The reason why I investigated different regions separately was to see “population structure” due to ethnic subgroup, but prevalence of Tara clan was 10 +/- 2% in all countries in Europe, which indicates there is no siginificant structure (also see Science Vol 254 p1735). I’ll discuss this issue in Question 3.

TABLE 4 (Some examples of European mtDNA (HVI) studies)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
French (total = 109)
9 person has the most common type: CRS (no mutation)
Almost all other 93 person has a unique mtDNA (does not share mtDNA each other).
No one has AA’s mtDNA (16126C, 16266T, 16294T, 16304C)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Autstrian (total = 101)
9 person has the most common type: CRS (no mutation)
Almost all other 80 person has a unique mtDNA (does not share mtDNA each other).
No one has AA’s mtDNA
----------------------------------------------------------------------
British (total = 100)
12 person has the most common type: CRS (no mutation)
No one has AA’s mtDNA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Russians and Ukrainians (total = 201)
22 person has the most common type: CRS (no mutation)
No one has AA’s mtDNA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Polish (total = 436)
67 person has the most common type: CRS (no mutation)
No one has AA’s mtDNA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
US Caucasians total = 323
61 person has the most common type: CRS (no mutation)
No one has AA’s mtDNA


In all regions, by far the most common mtDNA haplotype (HVI) is CRS (Cambridge Reference sequence). About 10% of population in any country (except US) has this sequence (almost same prevalence as AB blood type), i.e. about 65 million European has an exactly same mtDNA sequence (at HVI). There is no known reason why this specific type is so prevalent. It seems just stochastic genetic drift event. A friend of mine jokes this mtDNA type is related to “beauty phenotype” expressed in their daughters, but I don’t think it’s true. (By the way, this CRS sequence itself from a British woman whose identity kept secret for some reason since 1981. A rumor goes that it was a researcher’s wife’s mtDNA.)

However, this CRS mtDNA is an exception. Almost all other mtDNA type is rare, usually less than 1%. For example, I checked Tsarina’s mtDNA type 16111T/16357C. There was 0 in database of 8902 caucasians. Tsar’s mtDNA was also rare, 0 out of 8902. And Anna Anderson’s mtDNA had 1 in 8902 (1 found in Iceland study). therefore the random match probability is 1/8902 = 0.01%: about 30 times rarer than the original Peter Gill’s estimate (1/300).

So, can I conclude from this DNA evidence alone? Not so fast. I think many people confuse DNA’s random match probability, likelihood ratio, with Posterior Odds. To discuss if AA is FS, we have to discuss posterior odds.

Bayesian inference is the logical/mathematical framework to interpret the combined probability of independent event. Forensic science in both US and UK are always interepreted in a logical sturucture of Bayesian inference. In the court, forensic exprert are instructed by judge to testify only regarding to “DNA random match probability” or “likelihood ratio”, but what really concern jury is the posterior odds. Here I try to be a jury rather than a DNA expert.

O (posterior) = O (prior) * DNA likelihood ratio

Roughly speaking, if two person’s sex, age, physical feature including height, hair color, face feature, prior odds are 1:10. Considering FS has been missing at almost exactly same time at same geological area as AA appeared, even conservative odds brings this to 1:100. DNA random probability is a simply inverse of likelihood ratio in this case, so my calculation shows:

O (posterior) = 1/100 x 1/9000 = 1/900,000 (that is to say, probability that AA is FS is 99.9999%)

As “reasonable doubt” is generally considered O(posterior)(threshold)
=1/10,000, it is reasonable to accept hypothesis that “AA is FS”.

Therefore, with overwhelming evidential support and lack of alternative scenario, I support the hypothesis that AA= FS.

Anna Anderson was FS = 99.9999%
Anna Anderson was Anastasia = 0.00000000 (add 80 of zero here)0001% *
FS was murdered by Grossmann = 0.00001%
FS was murdered by other murders = 0.00002%
FS was killed by accident = 0.00002%
FS was living peacefully under other pseudonym = 0.00004%
FS was kidnapped by foreign intelligence agency such as KGB = 0.00001%
FS didn’t exist from beginning, she was a fiction by her family= 0.000001%

Anna Anderson was Franzkiska Schanzkowska = 99.9999%

[BorisRom]

Originally Posted by Anna was Franziska

<...>Are you questioning his paretage? Remember, even IF his mother had an affair, it would make NO difference in his mtDNA since that comes from the mother's line only, and we know she gave birth to him. <...>

About Prince Philip?
Really you think so? It is shockingly of you to think so! I am revolted! I meant another (a noble act): for example, adoption by family of the son of other woman.

[Anna was Franziska]

Originally Posted by BorisRom

About Prince Philip?
Really you think so? It is shockingly of you to think so! I am revolted! I meant another (a noble act): for example, adoption by family of the son of other woman.

No I do NOT think so, I was asking what you meant by that. Adopted? is still an extreme grasp at straws. Royalty don't go around adopting random children. He was her child, she was by that time nearly 40 years old, and had several other children. There is no reason, for any reason, to doubt his parentage. I don't understand WHY it's so important for you to disbelieve the DNA tests that you come up with such wild stories?!

[Elspeth]

Originally Posted by ChatNoir

Actually, Professor Rudnev was a surgeon. In Bella Cohen's article from the New York Times, she claims that he was called in to look at Anastasia's severe "protruding bone" on her foot in Russia, but advised against an operation.

OK, hang on a tic, I think we're talking about different things. When Boris was claiming that Anna Anderson had congenital hallux valgus, I asked how anybody knew what her feet had been like when she was an infant, and he said that a doctor who'd been called in to treat her for TB had said that the hallux valgus was severe enough that it must have been congenital. Am I getting this mixed up with something else?

[BorisRom]

A-W-F
Just you have thought up this wild history, that "Prince Philip's mother had an affair". Not I have thought up it. My poor English stumbles at you. I suggest you to stop this ugly discussion. I am revolted!

[Anna was Franziska]

Originally Posted by BorisRom

A-W-F
Just you have thought up this wild history, that "Prince Philip's mother had an affair". Not I have thought up it. My poor English stumbles at you. I suggest you to stop this ugly discussion. I am revolted!

Just so you understand, Boris, I do NOT think she had an affair, I was questioning what YOU meant by 'unknown origins' and guessed that might be what you were thinking. That's all.

[BorisRom]

Originally Posted by Anna was Franziska

Just so you understand, Boris, I do NOT think she had an affair, I was questioning what YOU meant by 'unknown origins' and guessed that might be what you were thinking. That's all.

I do not think, that «that's all». I think, that you should apologize to all participants of this forum and you should apologize to Englishmen especially. Your views revolt me.

[ChatNoir]

Originally Posted by Elspeth

OK, hang on a tic, I think we're talking about different things. When Boris was claiming that Anna Anderson had congenital hallux valgus, I asked how anybody knew what her feet had been like when she was an infant, and he said that a doctor who'd been called in to treat her for TB had said that the hallux valgus was severe enough that it must have been congenital. Am I getting this mixed up with something else?

Professor Rudnev was the surgeon who operated on her infected arm at the Mommsen Clinic in Berlin. The muscles around the elbow and part of the bone were taken out, and twice more in the month of August the arm was lanced to drain the pus. At the elbow Rudnev inserted a silver joint, which paralyzed the arm at an eighty degree angle and left what remained of the bone permanently exposed. During the anesthesia, the patient "raved in English", but remembered nothing of it when she came to.
Following a detailed report of her physical condition Rudnev remarked, "On the right foot I noted a severe deformity, apparently congenital in nature, in that the big toe bends right over in the middle, forming a bunion."
In her 1927 article in the New York Times, Bella Cohen states that Rudnev (in Russia) was called in to look at Anastasia's "protruding bone" in her foot, and decided against an operation. I have not seen this confirmed anywhere else.